Is CBD Good for Dogs?

With all the buzz around the health benefits of CBD, it’s natural for pet parents to wonder whether it can be helpful for dogs too.  

In the past, Wheatgrass, Kale & Spirulina, all-natural superfoods, have made successful crossovers into the world of pet care, and they have been very effective, to say the least.

CBD is the latest addition to the list.

CBD or Cannabidiol is a phytocannabinoid derived from Hemp, a distant cousin of Marijuana, that doesn’t produce the psychoactive effect of pot.  

But it is touted to be a cure-all of sorts that has a wealth of benefits, right from pain relief to helping prevent neurodegenerative diseases, depression, anxiety and Insomnia among others.

In a nutshell, you won’t get high with CBD. But you’ll definitely feel a lot better depending on what you are using it for.

While research is at a very nascent stage, manufacturers have been quick to cash in on the buzz.  

Suddenly, there’s a flurry of Cannabis-infused doggie products.

Pet parents are turning to CBD for pain relief as well as for improving the quality of life for aging dogs.

The question is, is CBD good for dogs?

More importantly, is it safe?

We’ll try and answer some of these questions in this article.

What is CBD?

Cannabis Sativa L, also called Industrial Hemp, is a very powerful plant that has a bountiful of uses spread across Industries.

It is a variant of Marijuana.

But it does not produce the psychoactive effect of its cousin, no matter how you ingest it.

You can smoke it, chew the leaves, make brownies from it. It won’t get you high.

The reason?

It contains a very low concentration of THC or Tetrahydrocannabinol (usually less than 0.3%), the cannabinoid in marijuana that causes the high.

Instead, it contains a high concentration of CBD or Cannabidiol, along with 80 other cannabinoids, terpenes, chlorophyll and alkaloids.

Both, CBD and THC are currently the subject of global attention, courtesy a renewed interest in the medicinal properties of Cannabis.

The fact that CBD supposedly has all the beneficial properties, without the psychoactive effect is one of the reasons for its widespread appeal.

Is it hyped?

To be fair, the CBD buzz is not mere marketing hype created by the Nutraceuticals industry.

Science says that CBD is promising too.

There’s a lot of existing research as well that indicates that CBD may be one of the most exciting new finds in the health and wellness space, with benefits that can reduce our dependence on pharmaceutical drugs.

But research surrounding its usage and applications in pet care is scant.

How does CBD affect your dog?

Dogs have an endocannabinoid system, much like humans.

The difference is that they have a much higher concentration of CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in their brain, spine and other organs, that phytocannabinoids bind to and interact with.

Of these, the CB1 receptor is associated with neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that relay important, electric signals from the spine and brain to the rest of the boy.

CB2 receptors are associated with cellular migration, immunomodulatory responses, and cytokine release along with a plethora of other biological functions.

For a long time, it was believed that CBD primarily interacts with CB2 receptors and weakly with CB1 receptor.

Recent research though has refuted both these theories.

The new study states that CBD is a weak antagonist of the CB1 receptor where it’s effects are limited to reducing some of the undesired effects of THC. (When both are ingested simultaneously in medical marijuana)

On the other hand, it is an inverse agonist of the CB2 receptor, which means that it binds to the receptor like an agonist (stimulant), but produces a reverse effect. This is where the anti-inflammatory properties of CBD come from.

The bulk of its beneficial properties though are pleiotropic, which means that it has the potential to affect a variety of other systems that we know little about currently.

For example, it activates the 5-HT1A (hydroxytryptamine), which is a Serotonin receptor, thereby inducing an anti-anxiety effect.

Two other key enzymes that it interacts with, are fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and FABP – fatty acid-binding protein. By inhibiting the levels of FAAH, it increases the concentration of Anandamide, a brain lipid that helps in improving mood and reducing the symptoms of addiction withdrawal, reducing fear and anxiety. Something that can be very useful for pets.

Similarly, it binds with FABP – fatty acid-binding protein, preventing Anandamide from getting metabolized.

These studies reveal that CBD’s effects are not limited to the endocannabinoid system.

It affects several other systems, most of them in a positive manner.

What are the potential applications of CBD in dogs?

Despite the initial skepticism due to the lack of clinical studies that support the use of CBD in dogs, a lot of pet parents have started to experiment with it based on positive anecdotal reports.  

Veterinarians who focus on holistic healing for dogs are also slowly introducing CBD-infused edibles and treats into their treatment modules, as early studies indicate that CBD may be safe for use in dogs.

The primary reasons for which CBD is being used, are anxiety, pain relief from arthritis and the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. But the potential applications may go beyond these.

For pain relief

Canine Osteoarthritis, also known as Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) is one of the commonest, yet most debilitating conditions that affects dogs.

It is more common in large breeds. But it can affect most breeds as they age.

In a healthy dog, the joints are cushioned by a layer of cartilage that allows unrestricted, full range of motion.

In DJD, the cartilage begins to get damaged and deteriorates progressively. This causes the bones to rub against each other as the dog moves, causing pain and inflammation.

In extreme cases, the pain can be so severe that it makes the dog immobile.

Such dogs also undergo a dramatic change in their social behavior and personality, often retreating to a secluded corner, which indicates that they may be depressed.

Current treatment methods are limited to the use of joint supplements, NSAIDs and alternative therapies like physiotherapy and cold laser, to name a few.

CBD is known to reduce pain and inflammation, as revealed in animal-model studies.

Recently, there were multiple studies that explored the potential of CBD and other cannabinoids in the treatment of pain and inflammation caused in dogs due to Osteoarthritis.

In one study, the presence of endocannabinoids, as well as Entourage compounds in the synovial fluid in dogs with Osteoarthritis was identified and quantified.

This indicated that CBD may be a better alternative to current treatment methods like NSAIDS that have severe side effects, especially in dogs with impaired liver and kidney function.

More recently, in 2018, a double-blinded clinical study was conducted to study the efficacy and safety of CBD in dogs with Osteoarthritis.

The study found that when CBD Oil was administered at 2mg/kg twice a day, there was a significant reduction in pain and an increase in activity. There were no adverse effects reported at this dose barring an increase in alkaline phosphate.

Another study was conducted by the Colorado State University, the results of which are pending.

For drug resistant epilepsy

Canine Epilepsy is a serious condition that causes recurrent seizures in dogs.

Commonly used anti-seizure medications such as phenobarbital, diazepam, and potassium bromide are not always effective.

Almost 30% of dogs continue to experience seizures despite treatment with these anticonvulsants. Not to mention that these drugs have severe side effects which are often intolerable.

CBD’s effectiveness in the prevention of epilepsy and in reducing seizures in drug-resistant epilepsy is well documented.

Further, there are tons of anecdotal reports of dogs experiencing a reduction in their frequency of seizures with CBD administration. Petey, a 5-year old beagle suffering from Grand Mal Seizures was administered CBD oil. His seizures reportedly reduced from two big episodes to just one tiny episode a month.

A clinical trial conducted with 26-adult dogs showed that dogs who were administered CBD reported a 33% reduction in seizure activity. But the percentage of the dogs that were considered as responders to treatment, was similar in both groups. This indicates that further research with a larger group of participants is needed. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31067185)

Recently, the AKC Canine Health Foundation (AKCCHF) has funded a comprehensive clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CBD as a potential treatment for canine epilepsy. This will be the biggest study undertaken till date to explore the potential of CBD as a canine anticonvulsant.

For Anxiety

Proponents of CBD for dogs recommend CBD oil as a safe remedy for soothing frayed nerves and stress in dogs.

Canine anxiety can be caused due to a variety of reasons.

Sometimes, it may be something as simple as a thunderstorm which can make your pet agitated and anxious.

Sudden loud sounds such as thunder or fireworks trigger the release of stress hormones in dogs and activates the flight response.

It can be separation anxiety or just stress adapting to a new environment.

CBD has been researched as a potential treatment for a variety of anxiety disorders. Preclinical trials show a remarkable efficacy as well as an excellent safety profile in humans with little to no adverse effects.

There are two other studies, one that showed that CBD helped reduce anxiety in people with SAD or Societal Anxiety Disorder, and the other one that showed that CBD helped reduce anxiety in people with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.

Animal-model studies have also shown that it helps reduce stress hormones in rats.

Sadly, there are no clinical trials conducted to test CBD's efficacy in reducing anxiety and depression in canines. But there’s no dearth of anecdotal evidence that says that CBD helps calm dogs down.

Other possible uses

While the scientific studies on CBD usage in canines is limited to the ones that we have listed here, there are pet parents who swear by CBDs effectiveness in treating a wide range of conditions in dogs.

Here are a few of them.

1. Neuroprotective: CBD is known to have neuroprotective properties that it exerts via bio mechanisms that are still unidentified. But it can be a potential treatment as well as used to prevent neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s. In dogs, CBD can help prevent multiple conditions, some of which are progressive and have no cure.
2. GI Issues: If an upset tummy is giving Fido restless nights, then a drop or two of CBD oil may help alleviate the symptoms. The Endocannabinoid system plays a key role in GI motility in dogs, by triggering the release of the enzymes that are vital for the functioning of the digestive tract, as well as by reducing inflammation. This is an indicator that CBD may help prevent and treat conditions like food allergies, IBS, Acid reflux, Lack of appetite and Nausea in dogs, all of which can be caused due to GI problems.
3. Cancer: There have been numerous preclinical trials that suggest that CBD and other phytocannabinoids have antitumor properties that can be very effective against certain types of aggressive cancers. In canines, there’s no research to support these claims. However, that hasn’t stopped pet parents from using CBD and even THC to treat tumors and cancer in dogs. What’s interesting is that CBD can also amplify the effect of the cancer drugs that are used as the first line of defense against cancer. Also, it can help reduce the anxiety, pain, nausea, and lack of appetite that can be caused due to cancer.

As more research is funded and conducted, newer uses and applications of phytocannabinoids in dogs will be uncovered.

How to give your dog CBD

The market for CBD pet products is expected to touch $1 billion soon.

It’s no wonder then that we are suddenly seeing a burst of new CBD-infused products for pets.

There are doggie treats, chews, tinctures, CBD oil, ointments, dry food and even body baths vying for your attention.

However, given that there’s no standard dosing chart for CBD in dogs, nor any standardization for CBD products, using some of these products can produce undesired side effects, as there’s no way to gauge the concentration of CBD in them.

Some of them may just be overpriced money grabs that contain very little CBD. Others may contain more CBD than what’s indicated on the label.

A CBD treat, for example, can contain more CBD than what’s ideal for your pet.

The safest bet would be to use CBD oil or tincture, which can be purchased according to the concentration of CBD.

Also, you have the choice of selecting Isolate or Full-spectrum oils depending on how your dog responds to the treatment.

CBD oil is easy to administer and can be given with doggie food.

Moreover, you can micro-dose it, which is impossible with edibles.

How to select the right CBD oil for dogs

If you are considering trying CBD oil for your dog, then there are a few important things to look at before you pick a product.

1. Buy Organic: Always buy CBD oil sourced from organically grown hemp. Most of the big brands currently selling CBD Pet products use Organic only.
2. Ask for the COA: The COA or the Certificate of Analysis tells you the exact concentration of CBD and THC in 1 ml of oil. It is also considered an indicator of a quality product.
3. Buy CBD oil, not Marijuana oil: There’s a difference between CBD oil and Marijuana oil. The latter contains THC and can produce the psychoactive effects of Marijuana. There are numerous cases of Marijuana-related toxicity in dogs.

What is the right CBD oil dose for dogs?

Unfortunately, there’s no one size fits all.

There’s just one clinical study that has researched about CBD’s efficacy and safety in dogs. The dogs were administered 2mg/kg of body weight with no adverse effects reported. But that’s a high dose.

You should only consider a dose that high if you have administered CBD to your dog earlier and it did not cause any side effects.

The right CBD dose for your dog will depend on your dog’s weight, breed, health (conditions that may affect or limit the dog from metabolizing CBD), the concentration of CBD in the oil and the reason for use.

Most manufacturers will have generalized dosing guidelines for their products.

But since this is untested territory, the best advice that anybody can give you is to start at a very low dose and gauge your dog’s response to CBD.

0.2 mg per pound of your dog’s weight is generally considered to be a safe and acceptable dose.

So, if you have a large dog that weighs 50 pounds, you can consider giving him 10 mg of CBD oil a day, depending on the concentration of CBD in the oil.

If it’s a 300mg formula, it will contain 10mg/ml of oil.

It it’s a 600mg formula, it will contain 20mg/ml of oil.

You can split the dose and administer it twice a day. 

Watch your dog closely for the first few hours after administering CBD. You may need to adjust the dose depending on how your pet reacts to it.

If your dog experiences relief from the condition that you were using it for, then you can continue at the same dose. Else, you may consider increasing the dose slightly until the symptoms alleviate.

However, it’s better to err on the side of caution and tread slow when you increase the dosage.

What are the possible side effects of CBD in dogs?

In the limited number of clinical studies that have been conducted in dogs, very few adverse effects have been reported.

CBD, in general, has an excellent safety profile.

In one of the studies, the dogs had elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. But that cannot be narrowed down specifically to CBD use.

This data is clearly insufficient to come to a solid conclusion and label it free of side effects.

CBD may well cause some side effects in dogs that we do not know about yet.

As of now, here are some of the side effects that it can cause in humans.

1. Dry Mouth: CBD oil can sometimes reduce the amount of saliva produced by salivary glands. This condition called Xerostomia can induce thirst in dogs. If your dog is suddenly drinking more water than normal after CBD administration, it may be a side effect.
2. Low Blood Pressure: CBD can cause a slight drop in blood pressure levels. In dogs, a drop of the Mean arterial pressure below 80 mm Hg is considered to be low. If your dog has low blood pressure, then you must consider the possibility that CBD oil can reduce it further, which can be unsafe.
3. Drowsiness: CBD oil does not contain sufficient THC to cause euphoria. However, it can cause drowsiness, especially for the first few times that you administer it to your pet. The drowsiness usually reduces as the dog gets adjusted to the CBD oil.
4. Diarrhea: Sometimes, the carrier oil used with CBD oil can cause an upset stomach in dogs. If this happens repeatedly, you can switch to a different brand of CBD oil that uses a different carrier oil.
5. CYP45 Enzymes: CBD is known to inhibit the release of CYP45 enzymes that help your dog metabolize drugs in their liver. If your pet is on prescription drugs that are metabolized by the liver, you might want to limit the dose of CBD.

Is there a risk of an overdose?

There are no reported incidents of a CBD overdose causing toxicity in dogs.

There are a plethora of cases of Marijuana overdose though, which can be fatal for dogs.

In most cases, a larger-than-normal dose of CBD will only make your dog drowsy. They should be back to normal when the effects of CBD wear off.

If you suspect that you may have accidentally administered a large dosage of CBD to your dog, call your veterinarian immediately or contact a Pet Poison center.

Closing thoughts

CBD can offer a wealth of benefits for dogs. In some situations, it can even be lifesaving.

But it’s always recommended that you speak to your veterinarian before administering CBD to your pet.